Applications for cell^F

Aequorin
Aequorin, isolated from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria, is a complex of the luciferin derivative coelenterazine, molecular oxygen and the apoprotein. If activated by Ca2+ binding it catalyses the oxidation of coelenterazine to the...

Colour Images and Colour Mixing
The colour images produced by computer monitors and TV screens are generated by pixelwise mixing of the three primary colours red (R), green (G) and blue (B). This is called additive mixing of light. Digital images where the colour information is ...

Digital Colour Imaging in Fluorescence Microscopy
A general remark: Fluorescent biological samples are obviously coloured (unlike unstained samples observed with transmission illumination).

Digital images
Digital image files are based on tables that list the intensities, or "counts", of all pixels. In case of RGB images there is ...

Displaying Digital Images

Epitope tagging
An epitope (also known as an antigenic determinant) is a biological structure or sequence, such as a protein or carbohydrate, which is recognised by an ...

Fluorescence and Phase Contrast in combination
To minimise the effects of photobleaching, fluorescence microscopy can be combined with phase contrast ...

Fluorescent and Bioluminescent Proteins
If one is about to explain fluorescent and bioluminescent proteins the jellyfish Aequorea victoria is an outstanding example of an ...

Fluorescent probes
Many fluorescent dyes or fluorochromes can specifically interact with certain target molecules, like most nucleic acid stains (DAPI, ...

Fluorochromes
Fluorochromes, unlike classical tissue stains, re-radiate the absorbed light, however, with longer wavelength (red-shifted). Each fluorochrome has a ...

Green Fluorescent Protein = GFP
The green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria and its spectral variants yellow (YFP); cyan (CFP) and ...

Light sources for fluorescence microscopy
Proper illumination is a prerequisite for light microscopy in general but this topic is of prime importance when it comes to ...

Overlaying Transmission and Fluorescence Images
Often it is interesting to merge fluorescence and transmission images into one image because both sources have different information contents. Such an overlay ...

Spectral unmixing
A major problem in live cell imaging arises from the use of different fluorochromes with overlapping spectra within one sample, impairing a ...

Time Lapse Imaging (in Material Science)
Dynamic processes such as crystal growth, can be monitored routinely nowadays. The duration of such processes may vary from the sub-second range to hours or days.

Yellow Fluorescent Protein (=YFP)
The yellow fluorescent protein: a spectral variant of the green fluorescent protein (see GFP.)

Z-sectioning and three-dimensional Imaging
Microscopy is basically a two-dimensional observation technique while biological samples are three-dimensional, of course. In order to map the entire volume, the specimen can be ...