Applications for cell^R Software

Aequorin
Aequorin, isolated from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria, is a complex of the luciferin derivative coelenterazine, molecular oxygen and the apoprotein. If activated by Ca2+ binding it catalyses the oxidation of coelenterazine to the...

Cameleon
The protein Calmodulin is a ubiquitous intracellular calcium sensor that responds to changes in calcium concentration. Each Calmodulin molecule has four binding sites for Ca2+. The molecule undergoes a conformational change after calcium- binding.

Colour Images and Colour Mixing
The colour images produced by computer monitors and TV screens are generated by pixelwise mixing of the three primary colours red (R), green (G) and blue (B). This is called additive mixing of light. Digital images where the colour information is ...

Digital Colour Imaging in Fluorescence Microscopy
A general remark: Fluorescent biological samples are obviously coloured (unlike unstained samples observed with transmission illumination).

Digital images
Digital image files are based on tables that list the intensities, or "counts", of all pixels. In case of RGB images there is ...

Displaying Digital Images

Fluorescent probes
Many fluorescent dyes or fluorochromes can specifically interact with certain target molecules, like most nucleic acid stains (DAPI, ...

Overlaying Transmission and Fluorescence Images
Often it is interesting to merge fluorescence and transmission images into one image because both sources have different information contents. Such an overlay ...

Single molecule fluorescence detection with TIRFM
Commencing as a challenging problem in physics with the first detection of a single fluorescent molecule in condensed phase at temperatures of liquid helium single molecule fluorescence detection has ...

Spectral unmixing
A major problem in live cell imaging arises from the use of different fluorochromes with overlapping spectra within one sample, impairing a ...

Time Lapse Imaging (in Life Science)
Dynamic processes such as cell growth, metabolic transport and signal transduction are monitored routinely nowadays. The duration of such processes may vary from ...

Total internal reflection (=TIR)
TIR is an optical phenomenon. If light is travelling through a medium with a high refractive index and strikes the interface of an optical medium with a lower refractive index at an angle greater than the ...

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy
Total internal reflection (=TIR) is an optical phenomenon. If light is travelling through a medium with a high refractive index and strikes the interface of an optical medium with a lower refractive index at ...

Yellow Fluorescent Protein (=YFP)
The yellow fluorescent protein: a spectral variant of the green fluorescent protein (see GFP.)

Z-sectioning and three-dimensional Imaging
Microscopy is basically a two-dimensional observation technique while biological samples are three-dimensional, of course. In order to map the entire volume, the specimen can be ...